Well, I finally figured "something" out.
I can retrieve most of the nodes that refer to "files". It's neither well optimized nor can I guarantee it will work.
But for my needs it is currently sufficient.
SELECT n.id AS nodeId, n.uuid AS fileId, n.audit_created AS created, n.audit_modified AS last_updated, anp.string_value AS name, n.audit_creator AS creator, CONCAT('http://alfresco.bas.uni-koblenz.de/share/page/document-details?nodeRef=',store.protocol,'://',store.identifier,'/',n.uuid) AS content
FROM alf_node AS n
JOIN alf_qname AS q on (n.type_qname_id = q.id AND q.local_name='content')
JOIN alf_store AS store ON (store.id = n.store_id)
JOIN alf_node_properties AS anp on (n.id = anp.node_id)
LEFT JOIN alf_content_data AS acd ON (anp.long_value = acd.id)
JOIN alf_child_assoc AS aca ON (aca.child_node_id = n.id)
JOIN alf_node AS nP ON (aca.parent_node_id = nP.id)
JOIN alf_qname AS aqn ON (np.type_qname_id = aqn.id)
WHERE anp.qname_id IN
(SELECT id FROM alf_qname
WHERE local_name='name'
AND ns_id IN
(SELECT ns2.id FROM alf_namespace AS ns2 WHERE uri LIKE '%content%'))
AND n.audit_creator NOT LIKE 'System'
AND aqn.local_name not like 'archiveUser'
AND aqn.local_name not like 'person'
AND anp.string_value like '%.%'
AND anp.string_value NOT LIKE '%~%~%'
AND anp.string_value NOT LIKE 'dashboard.xml'